Fine chemical production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fine concoction creation - Essay Example Synthetically, citral comprises of a blend of a couple of aldehydes (terpenoids) having comparative atomic equation yet various structures. The two mixes are viewed as twofold bond isomers with the E-isomer being alluded to as citral â€Å"a† or geranial while Z-isomer is known as citral â€Å"b† or neral. In spite of the fact that citral normally happens in mixes, for example, lemon grass and can be disconnected from these citral containing oils, it is just accessible in sizable amounts. For powerful engineered assembling of citral for an enormous scope reason for modern purposes, it is progressively getting essential to have a manufactured technique for fine creation from straightforward, modest however promptly accessible business synthetic substances, for example, isoprene and bata-pinene among others. Citral is generally utilized in the assembling of aromas, moisturizers, creams, shampoos and flavorings. What's more, the substance compound is additionally a significant reason for incorporating an assortment of mainstream scent mixes, for example, geraniol, eugenal, ionones and citronellol just as in making carotinoids utilized for both nutrient An and E. Being one of the most significant non-cyclic monoterpenes because of its various modern applications, citral has numerous engineered courses some of which are presently being utilized in business creation of the substance. This paper presents a fine compound creation of Citral including its science, engineered course choice, thermodynamics, energy and squanders issues. The current chose manufactured course for the creation of citral includes the utilization of isobutene and formaldehyde as the essential taking care of stocks with nitric corrosive as the favored selection of impetuses. Utilizing this strategy, citral can adequately be created by from the response among isobutene and formaldehyde atoms under high temperatures and weight and utilizing an impetus. The resultant substance is then exposed to various uncommon

Designing a Toasting Oven in Order to Produce Corn Flakes

Prof. Dr. Suat Ungan Fd. E. 425 Food Engineering Design Coordinator Middle East Technical University Food Engineering Department Ankara 06531 November 25, 2011 Dear Mr. Ungan, Please acknowledge the going with Work Term Report, pointed planning a toasting broiler so as to create corn chips. In the planned framework 10 tons corn pieces for every day is delivered. After certain procedures, corn pieces enters the simmering broiler at 20% mugginess and ways out at 4%humidity. The simmering stove can work at (Â ±10 ? C) 225 0C. Toasting stove is planned by thinking about its length, zone and working temperature.Optimizations are finished by these elements on the expense of the absolute structure. In the structure framework, rotating drum drier is utilized. 350 days of the year plant works and creation happens 16 hours in a day. Corn drops enter the broiler at 225 0C . Measure of air is determined as 0,648 kg dry air/s . Length of the drier is determined as 2. 27 m. in the aftereffect of advancements done by appropriate drying time and dryer breadth. Warmth vitality expected to raise the gulf temperature of air to 225 0C, is found as 157kw and warmth misfortune is found as 23. 6kw.Through these information, complete speculation which contains dryer cost and power cost is found as 92794. 98TL. Genuinely, bunch 3 individuals TABLE OF CONTENT SUMMARY In this plan a rotating dryer is intended for drying of corn chips which have the dampness content 20%. Corn chips are dried with air 9 % dampness content. The creation is accomplished for 16 hours in a day and 10 tons corn pieces are delivered every day. Underway procedure, corn pieces are cooked under tension. Subsequent to cooking step, large masses are broken to pieces and sent to driers so as to get the dampness level at 20%. After this procedure, roduct is chipped between huge steel chambers and cooled with inward water stream. Delicate pieces are sent to rotational dryers so as to lack of hydration to 4% last dampne ss substance and toasting. In the toasting stove, pieces are presented to 225 0C air for 2-3 min. The drier length is determined as 2. 27 m with the width of 0. 082m with the suspicion of 4%moisture substance delta air and 9%content outlet air. Stream pace of feed is determined as 0. 206kg/s. Mass stream pace of the channel air is determined as 0,648 kg dry air/s. Vitality required for carry the temperature of air to 225 0C is determined as 157kw and warmth misfortune in the framework is 23. kw. By making advancements all out capital venture is determined as92794. 98TL which incorporates 84881TL power cost and 7913TL dryer cost. At last by making enhancements, so as to have least length and appropriate vitality for the drier, 215 0C is picked the best temperature for the channel air. I. Presentation Rotary dryers possibly speak to the most established ceaseless and without a doubt the most widely recognized high volume dryer utilized in industry, and it has advanced a bigger number of adjustments of the innovation than some other dryer arrangement. [1] Drying the materials is a significant utilization process.It is likewise one of the significant parts in concrete creation procedure, and influences the quality and utilization of the pounding machine. Drum dryer is the fundamental gear of drying materials, it has basic structure, dependable activity, and helpful to oversee. Anyway there are a few issues which are tremendous warmth misfortune, low warm proficiency, high warmth utilization, more residue, and hard to control the dampness out of the machine. It assumes a huge job in improving drying innovation level and warm productivity in drying process, decrease the warm and creation lost. 2] In this plan we are approached to structure a rotational drier which works 16 hours in a day and produces 10 tones corn pieces for every day. Additionally it is referenced that, corn drops enters to drier at 20 %humidity and ways out 3-5%humidity. This report is tied in wit h planning a rotational dryer with its measurements for considering to get the base all out expense. Improvements are finished by channel temperature of the air to the drier. In the structure framework heat required for warming the gulf temperatures and length of the rotational dryer as material expense is suspected, and improvement is finished by thinking about least complete expense for the system.II. Past WORK Drying is maybe the most established, most normal activity of compound designing unit tasks. More than 400 kinds of dryers have been accounted for in the writing while more than one hundred unmistakable sorts are ordinarily available[3] Drying happens by affecting vaporization of the fluid by giving warmth to the wet feedstock. Warmth might be provided by convection (direct dryers), by conduction (contact or aberrant dryers), radiation or by microwave. More than 85 percent of mechanical dryers are of the convective sort with sight-seeing or direct ignition gases as the dryi ng medium.Over 99 percent of the applications include evacuation of water. [3] * Rotary Dryer; All turning dryers have the feed materials going through a pivoting chamber named a drum. It is a tube shaped shell as a rule built from steel plates, somewhat slanted, regularly 0. 3-5 m in distance across, 5-90 m long and pivoting at 1-5 rpm. It is worked now and again with a negative inner weight (vacuum) to forestall dust escape. Contingent upon the course of action for the contact between the drying gas and the solids, a dryer might be named immediate or backhanded, con-current or counter-current.Noted for their adaptability and substantial development, rotating dryers are less touchy to wide vacillations in throughput and item size. [4] * Pneumatic/Flash Dryer;The pneumatic or ‘flash’ dryer is utilized with items that dry quickly attributable to the simple evacuation of free dampness or where any required dissemination to the surface happens promptly. Drying happens surp risingly fast. Wet material is blended in with a surge of warmed air (or different gas), which passes on it through a drying channel where high warmth and mass exchange rates quickly dry the product.Applications incorporate the drying of channel cakes, gems, granules, glues, muck and slurries; in actuality practically any material where a powdered item is required. * Spray Dryers; Spray drying has been one of the most vitality devouring drying forms, yet it stays one that is fundamental to the creation of dairy and food item powders. Fundamentally, shower drying is cultivated by atomizing feed fluid into a drying chamber, where the little beads are exposed to a surge of tourist and changed over to powder particles.As the powder is released from the drying chamber, it is gone through a powder/air separator and gathered for bundling. Most splash dryers are prepared for essential powder assortment at proficiency of around 99. 5%, and most can be provided with auxiliary assortment gear if essential * Fluidised Bed Dryer; Fluid bed dryers are found all through all businesses, from overwhelming mining through food, fine synthetic compounds and pharmaceuticals. They give a successful strategy for drying moderately free streaming particles with a sensibly thin molecule size distribution.In general, liquid bed dryers work on a through-the-bed stream design with the gas going through the item opposite to the heading of movement. The dry item is released from a similar area. * Hot Air Dryer-Stenter; Fabric drying is normally completed on either drying chambers (transitional drying) or on stenters (last drying). Drying chambers are essentially a progression of steam-warmed drums over which the texture passes. It has the downside of pulling the texture and adequately diminishing its width.For this explanation it will in general be utilized for halfway drying * Contact Drying-Steam Cylinders/Can; This is the least difficult and least expensive method of drying woven texture s. It is for the most part utilized for halfway drying instead of last drying (since there is no methods for controlling texture width) and for pre drying before stentering. * Infra red drying; Infrared vitality can be produced by electric or gas infrared warmers or producers. Every vitality source has focal points and disadvantages.Typically, gas infrared frameworks are progressively costly to purchase since they require wellbeing controls and gas-taking care of gear, however they regularly are more affordable to run since gas for the most part is less expensive than power. Gas infrared is frequently a decent decision for applications that require a great deal of vitality. Items, for example, nonwoven and material networks are models where gas regularly is a decent decision. [5] * III. Conversation For the planned framework a rotational drum dryer is picked. Rotating drum dryerâ is utilized for drying material with stickiness or granularity in the ventures of mineral dressing, bui lding material, metallurgy and chemical.It has favorable position of sensible structure, high proficiency, low vitality consumption[6] Â advantages of drum dryer: | Suitable for taking care of fluid or pale feeds. Item is fine, flaky structure Uniform drying because of uniform use of film. Medium range limits. High warm productivity Continuous activity Compact establishment Closed development is possibleâ [7] By sight-seeing stream, heat for Toasting of the pieces in the drier, or in the broiler, is given rather utilizing level preparing surfaces. Contingent upon the creation type and stream rate, drum dryer fulfills turning at a steady speed, the slant and the length.The drum is additionally punctured so that permits the wind current inside. The aperture ought not an excess of huge but rather likewise forestall the break of chips. Likewise, during the warm treatment searing, extension degree, surface, flavor, stockpiling dependability is resolved. So as to acquire the right quali ties, the drying temperature and time ought to be balanced appropriately. For the improvement of the framework, length of the drier, distance across esteem, working temperature are influence fixed cost, variable expense and the warmth misfortune from the framework is considered.First by any means, changing by temperature how influence essential length is determined T air in| Z| 210| 2,308504| 215| 2,296091| 220| 2,284367| 225| 2,273274| 230| 2,262764| 235| 2,252792| It is see

Story of Maykapal Essays

Story of Maykapal Essays Story of Maykapal Paper Story of Maykapal Paper Highlights OF ESSAY There are five sections to each paper, and each part has five sections. The essential article: I). Early on section A). Early on sentence, the Hook, and the Thesis sentence/proclamation B). First proposition point C). Second proposition point D). Third proposition point E). Finishing up sentence II). Body Paragraph A). Rehashing/rethinking of the primary proposal point from the early on passage B). First supporting sentence C). Second supporting sentence D). Third supporting sentence E). Finishing up sentence III). Body Paragraph A). Repeating/rethinking of the subsequent proposition point from the basic passage B). First supporting sentence C). Second supporting sentence D). Third supporting sentence E). Finishing up sentence IV). Body Paragraph A). Rehashing/rethinking of the third theory point from the starting section B). First supporting sentence C). Second supporting sentence D). Third supporting sentence E). Finishing up sentence V). Closing Paragraph The finishing up section is similarly as significant as the presentation. You should repeat (reword) your theory sentence and all supporting material in a brief and compact configuration. You should express your confirmation to your supporting focuses. What's more, you should close your article. The entirety of this must fit with or converge with all that you composed already. A). Transitional sentence that maybe rephrases the theory explanation of the Introductory passage. B). Conclusional sentence rephrasing the finish of the primary body passage. C). Conclusional sentence revamping the finish of the subsequent body passage. D). Conclusional sentence revamping the finish of the third body passage. E). Summation sentence to close the paper and the contention made. Sounds all the while straightforward and complex. Remember that the base length of any paper is five passages, with five sentences for every section; that is 25 sentences. Youll find that this breaking point is increasingly more hard to keep up as you compose more. You will think that its hard to confine yourself to such a little organization.

Banana Heart Summer Essay Example for Free

Banana Heart Summer Essay IV. Pick your preferred lines/citations. Clarify and legitimize. * Floating confidence made us daring, caused us to suffer results. I love this line since the facts confirm that confidence made us valiant. I have my own confidence that really makes me solid and proceed with my life even heaps of results come. I realize that having confidence gives effortlessness in your central core that keeps you to battle. * The excursion of life isn't any simple. Better believe it, so evident, that life isn't any simple since we don't have the foggiest idea what will come tomorrow or later. There are bunches of things that may occur. Fortunate or unfortunate we can never say. Be that as it may, on the off chance that we have confidence, life will be quiet and charming enough. Your confidence will control you and gives you motivation to proceed with your life regardless of what issues come. * Pride is a transgression, poise is salvation. I am my mother’s little girl. This one is somewhat intelligent one. It makes me to acknowledge something. I accept that this legitimate sense of pride is a transgression particularly in the event that you are harming someone in a straightforward or hard manner. Furthermore, this nobility or the respect that you keep will spare you from your wrongdoing like pride. The last line saying, I am my mother’s little girl gives me euphoria that Nenita shows incredible love in light of the fact that she’s glad that she is a little girl of her mom regardless of what individuals state and regardless of whether her mom communicates disillusionment towards Nenita. * â€Å"I’m apprehensive I would never discover the harmony among affection and anger.† These two in number feelings are in some cases hard to control. I like this line since I can relate my own understanding. Like being infatuated in some way or another gives satisfaction that can make you insane, do everything, penances and all like. While being furious which I am terrified of is extremely wild here and there. It’s so confounding that you don't what will occur straightaway if love and outrage impacts. * It was simply downpour, simply water. Without desserts or flavors or toppings, without our master or bungling mediations to make it taste better, without our need to mask its temperament, however how we delighted in each drop. It clarifies the hugeness of water in our lives. I love these lines since it communicates effortlessness moreover in having basic life. Being fulfilled regardless of whether you just have enough. * Sadly love isn't simply water; we get things done to it. I chuckled in this line in light of the fact that as to think about adoration in water, it is extremely extraordinary. Not at all like in having water in your grasp is so natural to have and have it perpetually in only for instance getting it while in adoration you have to give consideration and exertion until the end just to spare and support it. * We comprehend that the fallen angel and the blessed messenger were equivalent accomplices to be decided of the universe. I accept that there is villain and blessed messenger in this world. That is the reason there is acceptable and terrible, cheerful and dismal, light and dim, love and despise. In some cases we discover our lives progressively important in the event that we understand that we do misstep and change it and be better next time. * First love is excessively confounding. As a maxim, True love never kick the bucket since this was the first occasion when you become hopelessly enamored to somebody who you believe is the best individual ever that you need to be with perpetually and the last. The facts confirm that first love is too befuddling in light of the fact that it most likely makes you insane. Relentless consideration and stresses simultaneously. * They state there is all consuming, instant adoration between a mother and her firstborn. An extraordinary gift it is to have an infant. The most anticipated blessing from God that a couple need and need to. Truly, I accept that there is all consuming, instant adoration between the mother and her first infant basically in light of the fact that they are similar. Having this amazing inclination that you can just discover, Love. V. Think about the most suitable sound track for Banana Heart Summer, state reason by giving ten lines or more from the melody.

Rotana Strategic Human Resource Management Report

Official Summary Human asset is a singular premise of serious advantage and is for the most part noteworthy in the serious milieu, which is progressing rapidly. By method of encouraging the development of specific firm capacities, human asset may add to the proceeded firm’s serious benefit.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Rotana Strategic Human Resource Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the arrangement of the connections in the midst of rehearsing human asset technique, and the general business purposeful objectives is the primary worry of Rotana vital human asset organization. The Rotana HR officials are fit for arranging programs on account of the connection among them and the association representatives. This will offer ascent to the achievement of the improved operational results accumulating from more prominent introduction in the organization. In this specific circumstance, it is conceivable to outline the strate gic human asset organization subsequent to complementing the hugeness of HR as a premise of serious advantage. Presentation The organizations environs are quickly changing to bring a few varieties described by explicit financial wonders. Among these wonders, there are item commercial center contentions that are persistently aggregate, changing agent and shopper requests, just as globalization. Accordingly, most associations including Rotana require for visit improvement in execution to contend adequately in this serious market setting. As a matter of fact, showcase introduction can be redesigned through improving the quickness and proficiency in swap meet, imaginative systems and items, expanding quality, and diminishing the expenses of produced products. The current day firms perceive human asset work force as the most extreme fundamental sources in the corporations’ auxiliary structure. A few different wellsprings of upper hand are getting less amazing as they were at first . This accumulates from the expanding noteworthiness connected to the representatives, and the way wherein upper hand is executed by organizations.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To thoroughly consider strategy and human asset regulatory issues for the development of various HR reference system, it is basic to know that there is an adjustment in the wellspring of serious increase (Becker and Huselid 899). Truth be told, the arrangement of serious increase can even now be acknowledged through economies of scale, secured bazaars, mechanical methodology, and items, which exist as the customary reason for progress. Be that as it may, for the maintainability of associations like Rotana, the HR organization stays a fundamental angle. The capacity of human asset organization emerges to be climbing the levels of leadership. This is in accordance with the understanding th at associations discover HR significant. This paper features and plates the significances of HR the executives and the way where these practices include an incentive in an association (Bjã ¶rkman and Lervik 325). Vital Human Resource Management The obtaining just as maintenance of very much persuaded, committed, and experienced work power is the principle aim of the human asset organization in an association. Actually, this achieves walks in creating and improving individuals’ characteristic aptitudes other than evaluating and fulfilling their future needs. In addition, the conveyance of interminable development and learning openings bolster their employability, potential, and inclusion (Boxall 267). The business necessities identified with preparing and the executives advancement activities, determination, and staffing basic procedures are additionally included. On the other hand, a new relative change in the glade of human asset organization is spoken to with SHRM. Concern ing the firm’s introduction, the plans of human asset organization assume a noteworthy job most definitely. These frameworks underscores predominantly on the direction of human asset as a method of accomplishing serious advantage. In this way, various associations are acclimating themselves with practices and procedures of human asset. This mindfulness by and large enlarges the money related, quality, and yield introductions in different authoritative divisions (Ahmad and Schroeder 21). The key maintenance and division of representatives just as the kind of turnover and maintenance as a rule rely upon different components (see the outlines in the appendix).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Rotana Strategic Human Resource Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More HR as a serious advantage source Porter Michael put the thought of serious advantage into the distinction of feeling. Upper hand climbs on or after the development of consumer s’ worth as Michael underscores. Such items and administrations are seen as being supreme as indicated by the business therefore underscores on survey a particular item souk or buyer gathering. Associations like Rotana would then be able to utilize a few diagrams of vague approaches including center, separation, and cost administration to accomplish serious advantage. Basically, the authoritative introduction is influenced by the biological deciding elements as specified in the broadly acknowledged Porter’s conclusion (Batt 541). On the other hand, the firms’ wellspring of serious advantage predominantly lies in the use of regarded bundle assets during the removal of the firm as determined in the authoritative asset based viewpoint. The relations in the midst of firm’s introduction, strategies, and inward assets make the preferred position got from rivalry to vary. It contrasts from the vital organization worldview that centers around environs as per this perspective. Through encouraging specific firm development of abilities, plans of human asset as indicated by asset based perspective adds to proceeded with serious advantage. To increase a serious advantage, the supreme abilities for managing human asset have trait from the proceeded with predominant introduction in a few organizations. Nonetheless, this may add to distraught rivalry and defenselessness guessed the plans of human asset obliterates the present and additionally restrain the development of new abilities (Becker and Huselid 900). The yield of work power is the major in part of a solid economy and worthwhile organization. It is fundamental for human asset to distinguish why triumph can promptly not be imitated, however proceeded by rivals.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Be that as it may, achievement creating from successful organization of individuals in an association is as often as possible not straightforward or recognizable as the premise. Positively, the delicate flank of business is laid off sometimes that it may be expounded through culture and the manner in which individuals are arranged just as the impacts of this on their abilities and habits (Boxall 267). The manner in which people are adapted as often as possible fits in a framework thus it is difficult to comprehend the dynamic powers of an organization and how it works in any event, when there is no excusal (see outlines in reference section). Consequently, it is tricky duplicating a lot of stuff yet then it is again simple to duplicate a certain something. For the organization to support and accomplish serious advantage, the human asset the board needs to achieve a few destinations. The organization must pick up the peoples’ pledge to the norms and missions of the association. Also, the company must endeavor to urge excited responsibility to authoritative capacities (Cabrera and Bonache 54). For the business triumph, compensation, evaluation, and motivation of workers’ habits, the firm needs to portray the ideal practices. Also, the association requires taking steps to improve and acquire scholarly capital through perceiving the information attractive for buyer fulfillment and meet the set targets. Ultimately, the association by enlarging abilities and adjusting the fitness to regulatory destinations, it must put resources into individuals through the support and acquaintance of instruction strategies with pick up and continue upper hand (Boxall 268). In this manner, it is huge to fathom the relationship in the midst of business approach and human asset organization to understand every one of these targets. How key administration enhance the Rotana chain of lodgings Researches show that the flow work advertise is progressively serious and getting the correct worker with the correct aptitudes isn't simple. The best test association faces Rotana as well as similarly partnerships or firms in the business, is the manner by which to cause potential representatives to recognize that the association is the best work environment. Likewise, the association HR the board faces challenges in bringing the best interviewee through arrangement and work process. In any case, the association guarantees that its best representatives are held by guaranteeing that they comprehend the firm’s objectives and are resolved to achieve those objectives (Ahmad and Schroeder 21). In addition, the organization holds its best representatives through inspiration and giving an agreeable workplace just as structures that empower workers to give their maximum capacity. The association recognizes the significance of compelling administration of HR in the current quickly and exceedingly serious condition. The HR office completely comprehends that powerfu l disclosure and the executives of the representatives are basic to the achievement of the association. The association top managemen

16 Characteristics of Critical Thinkers

16 Characteristics of Critical Thinkers You must have heard for the expression “critical thinking” at least once in your lifetime. You must have read it in a newspaper article or heard a friend/neighbor/colleague say: “A friend of mine is an excellent critical thinker!”Look and listen carefully, and you’ll see that this idea, or a mode of observing and analyzing the world, is given great importance in all facets of both personal and professional life.If you ever wondered what that means, and what critical thinking is, you came to the right place â€" this text will try to explain just that.WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING?As important as this mental discipline may be, a singular definition of it does not exist.According to Peter A.  Facione, Ph.D., critical thinking is“Purposeful, self-regulatory judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological,  criteriological, or contextual considerations upon which that judgment is ba sed”.As for dictionaries, Collins dictionary states that critical thinking (or rather the notion of “critical”, to be more precise) stands for“examining and judging carefully”,while  Meriam-Webster says it is“exercising or involving careful judgment or judicious evaluation”.Essentially, critical thinking is a way of examining the world around us with precision and care, all the while inspecting both the details and the bigger picture, and drawing logical conclusions from presented evidence in an objective and impassionate manner.When employing the methods of critical thinking, you must do so without including our emotions into the equation so they wouldn’t cloud our judgment. All the conclusions must be inferred by using logic: for every cause, there is a consequence.And of course, whatever conclusions we may reach must be unbiased â€" we must not succumb to our prejudices in any way.Logic, however, is not the only thing important for critical thinking.Depth, relevan ce, fairness, credibility, and accuracy of the examined data, their precision and relevance are also of key importance and should be taken into consideration at all times.Asking questions â€" logical questions relevant to the topic you’re analyzing â€" are the proper way of applying this technique.Through questioning and critical analysis, we reach our conclusions and find ways of improving ourselves and the world around us in a positive and creative way.Thus, we adapt, and we grow. WHY IS CRITICAL THINKING IMPORTANT?Critical thinking and independent thought are of great importance in all facets of our lives, from personal to professional relationships. It gives you the edge necessary to properly examine a situation or a conflict and resolve it accordingly.It’s a highly desirable skill, especially when it comes to your work.For example, when presented with a lot of data, having great critical thinking skills will help you differentiate important data from the trivial  ones,  and that increases your working efficiency and shows your capabilities.The better your problem-solving skills are, the faster you’ll advance.A manager with good critical thinking skills can easily determine which one of his employees is suited for which role and is able to utilize the skills of all the individuals in his team to achieve optimal results.That way, everybody wins.Critical thinking is crucial for science and politics.Being critical of social issues and politics is one of the cornerstones of democracy and  the  advancement of a society depends on it.As for science, to analyze new data stemming from experimentation, we need to think logically and derive precise conclusions so as to, for example, prove or disprove a specific theory.Language presentation, personal improvement, and growth, creative problem-solving â€" critical thinking can be used to the betterment of all aspects of life.Having all this in mind, we must ask: what are the characteristic of good critical thinke rs?CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRITICAL THINKERSNow that we know what critical thinking is, and now that we’ve glimpsed the amazing versatility of this way of thinking. Some are universal, while others are pretty particular.Let us consider some of the characteristics of good critical thinkers.If you wish to become a good critical thinker, these are the skills you should try to practice and develop.They include, but are not limited to, the following features:1. Observation  Observation is one of the general skills we acquire as children and is one of the cornerstones of successful and efficient critical thinking. It is a primary way for us to learn about the world around us, its laws and limitations.We observe by utilizing our senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.Once we acquire this sensory input, we analyze it and use the data thus received to reach the conclusions which logically follow the question/input.The older we are, the more experienced we get in regards to observing the details of the world around us and the situations and problems we face.These observations are what gives us a deeper understanding of the world and people in general, but also about ourselves and our own motivations, which is essential for our personal growth and development.2.  Inquisitiveness  One of the inherent qualities of all good critical thinkers is their curiosity. Being inquisitive and asking constructing questions in order to learn new things is one of their defining traits.Critical thinkers take a healthy interest in the world and the people around them, thus becoming good and effective  leaders  in their respective communities/fields of expertise.Critical thinkers rarely take anything as it appears â€" everything and everyone is subjected to their scrutiny, but such a curiosity is not the dry and dispassionate curiosity of a manipulator, put a passionate curiosity of a child eager to understand something or someone new, whether that is a scientific concept or a par ticular detail of an as yet unfamiliar culture.This is the trait makes critical thinkers the lifelong learners â€" a person learns as long as they live, and this perfectly describes all good critical thinkers.3. Objectivity  We have already stressed the importance of objectivity.When critical thinkers approach a problem, they do so without using their emotions. They rely on their ration, on pure facts and scientific evaluation.They carefully consider the causes and consequences of an action and determine the best possible outcome.However, being perfectly objective is easier said than done.Our previous experiences, all that we have seen and heard, is what defy us, so our points of view are sure to influence our judgment.For that reason, identifying our biases is paramount for successful objective observation.Consider carefully your previous experiences and cast them aside, then remove yourselves from the situation and absorb both the bigger picture and the minute details as dispassio nately as possible.4.  Introspection  To be able to identify our own biases, this is how we do it.Essentially, introspection is our ability to think about the way we think. That is essential for critical thinkers. Through introspection, critical thinkers question themselves and their points of view, and how attentive and engaged they are in observation and analysis of the problem in question.We don’t simply examine our views â€" introspection provides us insight both into our mental state and into our emotions as well. Due to its nature, introspection is tied to what is known as self-reflection. Bear in mind, however, that for some of us this anything but easy.5. Analytical Thinking  When people say for someone that they are an analytical thinker, they are refereeing to that person’s ability to approach a problem with all sides, examine the possible consequences of all possible decisions, and once the best course of action is determined, one then acts accordingly.Needless to say , the best analytical thinkers out there are actually critical thinkers.An objective approach to an analysis of any and all information is crucial for this type of thinking, which makes sifting through piles of reports and contracts, or maintaining both personal and business relationships.When we analyze a piece of information, we essentially break it into smaller pieces, and then we inspect the pieces in order to find out how they work, both individually and when put together.Objectivity is the key for analytical thinking: we gather all the evidence at our disposal and then follow it to a specific conclusion.6. Identifying Biases  Whether we are aware of it or not, having biases is inevitable.These preconceived notions shape our point of view, often in negative ways. In order to identify them and successfully overcome their influence, critical thinkers challenge and question their own attitudes before making a decision, all in order to give a better judgment of a situation and perf ect their personal and professional skills.Once we overcome our biases, we come to a very important realization: all information we receive is incomplete, one way or another.Imagine getting a report detailing a business transaction, or describing a particular procedure or an event. Never take it for granted! Always ask: “Is there an agenda behind the data presented here? Who benefits and who suffers losses if the given situation is resolved in a particular way? Is there anything my source has left unsaid, and why?”Asking these questions should help you determine all the hidden issues behind the data presented, and help you reach the decision which brings the best possible outcome.7. Determining Relevance  Not all data you receive are equally important. When faced with a great number of reports to review, it might seem challenging to successfully sift through all of them efficiently. But in order to do that, you must determine which information is relevant for your needs, and whi ch are not.Determining the relevance of a particular detail or information is one of the crucial elements of critical thinking.Bear in mind that a great deal of information you’re presented with has little importance for you and/or your work, or are there to misguide you.Focus on those pieces of information which are logically connected to the topic you’re researching or a problem you’re trying to solve.Always check if the information is truly as useful as it appears, or if it’s there to distract you from the real problem.8. Inference  When tasked to examine a great deal of information (for example, a number of business reports) and determine their legitimacy, you will often receive them disorganized and out of order, especially if they are collected in a hurry, or in a highly stressful situation.It is up to you to organize and analyze all this raw data, and offer logical and correct conclusions, and this is where inference is important.Not only are they good at reaching the right conclusions based on more or less raw data, but all good critical thinkers can infer all possible outcomes of taking particular actions based on the conclusions they offered.They know the difference between inference and assumption, and they rely on actual data, not on preconceived notions of the said data.Don’t assume, observe the data â€" with critical thinking, the facts are the only thing that matters.9. Empathy and Compassion  You may be wondering what compassion and empathy have to do with critical thinking and data analysis.After all, we have already stated that our judgment must not be led by emotions and that all our conclusions must rational and logical.As it turns out, however, compassion and empathy are a very important factor.Having concern for the wellbeing of people around us is what makes us human. We are not robots who can view the word only as a source of cold, soulless scientific data to analyze and store.In a large number of situations, we must take into consideration the human factor of our decisions, for what we say and do, and the way we resolve conflict can affect people in a number of ways.Do not allow yourself to become obsessed with blind analysis and pure data.Always bear in mind that the consequences of your decisions can have serious consequences for some people, so consider your decisions and actions carefully!That consideration is crucial for all good critical thinkers.10. Being Humble  One of the great qualities of critical thinkers is the fact that they’re essentially modest and humble folk. It is great having confidence in all your stronger qualities and talents, but humility teaches us to acknowledge our flaws as well.This is a self-reflection element of critical thinking, the realization that we’re not perfect, that no one is, in fact, infallible, and knowing that should foster eagerness for personal growth, the desire to better oneself for the betterment of others.We examine our attitude and that which we beli eve in and become more open to other people’s points of view.11. Willingness to Question Status Quo  Critical thinkers are never satisfied with the current state of affairs as long as they see even the tiniest bit of a chance to change something for the better. They’ll zealously question current practices in all facets of their lives, especially professional.They are fine with traditional approaches as long as they’re not the source of stagnation, and will actively look for ways to improve upon it.Questioning the established order may seem radical, but that is what critical thinkers do: they find new and more effective and creative ways of solving a particular problem, or new ways to approach a particular topic, is their second nature.12. Having an Open MindTo be able to see the bigger picture, one needs to have an open mind. That especially counts for critical thinkers. Their goal is always to see the issue/topic in its entirety.Taking side or getting overly invested into a d iscussion can be only detrimental to what wish to achieve â€" a fair and appropriate resolution of conflict and/or solution of a particularly troublesome conundrum.Listen to all side equally, and carefully consider the information received.Be open for points of view of other people, and never jump to conclusions!13. Being Aware of the Most Common Errors in ThinkingTo be a good critical thinker, you’ll need to polish your way of thinking and avoid any and all misconceptions.You do so by becoming aware of what is known as common logical fallacies.Common logical fallacies are errors occurring while judging a situation, reaching a conclusion, or presenting an argument in a discussion. They include, but are not at all limited to, the following errors:Circular reasoning  â€" this logical fallacy refers to using the conclusion of an argument as a support for that very same argument;Cognitive shortcut bias  â€" having a favorite way of solving problems is great, but you must never exclude other, more efficient ways  if they exist;Correlation = causation  â€" this refers to this statement: “If action A and action B happen together at roughly the same time or one after the other, then action A is the cause of action B  or vice versa.” As long as there is no clear evidence to provide this assumption, we can consider this statement a logical fallacy.14. Creativity  Creativity  is a natural aspect of critical thinking. Many true critical thinkers are also creative thinkers as well.They refuse to rely solely on established ways of solving a particular issue â€" if there is an alternative, more creative and effective way of dealing with a particular situation, they would rather use that than the old patterns. They prefer thinking outside of the box; patterns only slow them down.However, it must be mentioned that critical thinkers and creative thinkers are indeed separated by one specific detail.Creative thinking is connected to creating new ideas; critical thinking is connected to the analysis of both new and old ideas, and choosing the most effective ones.Thus, through critical thinking, we can discover new and inventive ideas and bring them to the fore.15. Highly Developed Communicative Skills  It is often the case that issues with communication stem from the inability of one of the participants of a discussion (or all of them!) to observe the issue in question from a distance, with a calm and clear mind.This clarity of thought is one of the building blocks of  effective communication.Since coherence is important for communication, we can rely upon critical thinking to relay our messages.Critical thinkers pay close attention to the thinking process of their interlocutors and observe just how logical or illogical, biased or unbiased their reasoning may be.They’re able to systematically and coherently express their opinions, but also to absorb and understand the attitudes of the people around them.16. Attentive Listeners  Critical thinkers are  everything  but passive conversationalists. They do listen carefully to what other people are saying in order to absorb as many important pieces of information as possible, but they’re also asking creative and constructive questions in order to find out more.As we have stated, asking the right questions is important for all good critical thinkers.This is the way they differentiate important details from the trivial ones, picking out the facts while discarding all assumptions.Once all the facts are gathered, they reach a logical conclusion based upon it. Asking open-ended questions to examine a topic more deeply is a specialty of theirs. CONCLUSIONThese are some of the essential skills necessary for you to become a successful critical thinker.The best thing about critical thinking is the absolute versatility of this way of thinking. It can be applied in any and all segments of your personal and professional life, and it simply has no downsides to it.Question the given norms, activ ely find the way to improve upon both yourselves and the world around you, and don’t accept things simply because someone told you they’ve always been like this.Ask constructive questions, identify your biases, and try to be as objective as you can, but do not forget the people around you â€" your colleagues, friends, and family â€" and turn into a cold, cynical person unable to trust anyone and anything.Consider your beliefs and actions as well as those of others, and you will constantly grow, both as a professional and as a person.

Introducing The German Tech Entrepreneurship Centre

The Berlin-based European School of Management and Technology  (ESMT) has collaborated with some of Germany’s top companies to launch  the German Tech Entrepreneurship Centre (GTEC), an initiative that will encourage students and entrepreneurs alike to work with local start-ups. GTEC, which features a 1,200-square-meter lab, will host open lectures and office hours with company leaders at Henkel, RWE, and the Globumbus Foundation, among other local ventures. There’s also a Start-up Academy and a wide start-up angel network. Benjamin Rohà ©, ESMT Professor and GTEC Managing Director, says, â€Å"My personal goal is to see at least 100 successful entrepreneurs starting their own business, and I think the best environment for this to be achieved is in one where the infrastructure is in place for a company to be started from scratch – this was the founding idea of GTEC†¦.Berlin is an exciting city for start-up companies. It sets itself apart from Silicon Valley with inexpensive office spaces, a diverse talent pool and an eclectic cultural scene. There is already a trend for entrepreneurship and research here and it’s by uniting diverse ideas, drives and resources present in Berlin that Germany can maintain its lead. The most important aspect of GTEC is that it provides an open platform for many entities to unite with the common interest of supporting local technology entrepreneurs.   As the pace of entrepreneurship in Berlin quickens GTEC and its founding partners are well placed to h elp the blossoming cluster become a powerful force for innovation across Europe and beyond.† See more at GTEC.Berlin. Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  Jon Medved And OurCrowd: The Remarkable Story Of An Entrepreneur  [Podcast] †¢Ã‚  Dr. Douglas Stayman Shares the Scoop on Cornell Tech NYC  [Podcast] †¢Ã‚  Getting A  European MBA:   A Unique Experience